According to Stanford Encyclopedia, individuals are a prominent part of the biological world .Physical anthropologists view humans as biological organisms. Coupled with genetics and biochemistry, scientists can form a more complete picture of human anatomy, both past and present. Physical anthropology looks at human variation and evolution. Variation looks at the biological differences that exist between individuals within a population and at individuals between populations (e.g., body shape, size, and physiological responses). These differences in human biology are measured using a technique called anthropometry 1. In order to explain this diversity, physical anthropologists look to environmental conditions (including culture) and genetics. Taking these factors into account, the anthropologist attempts to formulate an evolutionary explanation for the differences.
Human evolution looks at the bodily changes that have occurred over the years leading up to modern day Homo sapiens. Inorder to determine the changes that have taken place in human anatomy we rely on paleoanthropology, the study of human fossil remains, and primatology, and the study of other primates. Paleoanthropology helps us determine who our ancestors were, and when, how and why they evolved. Primatology allows us to see the similarities and differences between other primates and ourselves and allows us to trace these evolutionary relationships. For example, such a study has determined that humans share approximately 98.6% of the eco-community
A large amount of research has been done on biological sex-based differences in various kinds of intelligence. Social biology is a tricky fields, because it is difficult to separate the effects of environment and genetics on individuals. Environmental differences can be immense. Many studies in this field have been flawed by the lack of adequate controls. For example, some studies of differential mathematical ability have failed to take into account that the male subjects had taken more math courses than the females or used different types of toys as children. Researchers have generally found that men tend to have superior spatial ability, while women have superior verbal ability, with both differences developing at puberty; however, the interplay between biological and social influences is not yet understood.
As discussed earlier in the report, boys are given more toys that would encourage development of spatial skills, while girls are spoken to more by adults. The main point is "that hormonal levels can affect people's performance on certain verbal and spatial tests," basic biological bottom line is to reproduce and have offspring that in turn have offspring while human males may have evolved often under an imperative to invade and conquer, a basic reproductive imperative for females has been to do whatever they can to foster social stability.This is why a world with fully empowered women sharing with men in decisions regarding war would be more socially stable: because of a female's unavoidable and costly commitment to her offspring, the future of the species, basic human female biological priorities are different from those of males. These differences are not cultural. Their origins are deeply rooted in our evolutionary past.
According to AAPA report, Biological differences between human beings reflect both hereditary factors and the influence of natural and social environments. In most cases, these differences are due to the interaction of both. The degree to which environment or heredity affects any particular trait varies greatly. Physical, cultural and social environments influence the behavioral differences among individuals in society. Although heredity influences the behavioral variability of individuals within a given population, it does not affect the ability of any such population to function in a given social setting. The genetic capacity for intellectual development is one of the biological traits of our species essential for its survival. This genetic capacity is known to differ among individuals. The peoples of the world today appear to possess equal biological potential for assimilating any human culture. Racist political doctrines find no foundation in scientific knowledge concerning modern or past human populations.
In short, we must realize that it is the unique ensemble of all the aforementioned characteristics-gene frequencies, and physical and geographical characteristics-which differentiate individuals."The difference between genetic information and gene expression is like the difference between computer hardware, which are the genes themselves, and computer software, which tells the computer what to do on the hardware."Scientists have known for many years about genetic variation,However, this study is one of the first to look at the variation in gene activity between individuals and populations. What causes the observed groupings of organisms of different species, called the community, to vary across the planet? biological differences lead to essential differences between woman-people and man-people that lead to some people being presumed essentially better than others.
In conclusion, most of the genetic differences between individuals are of little relevance, but others might fall at a critical spot in the gene, leading to a particular disease.
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